![]() ![]() Modern formal logic follows and expands on Aristotle. The works of Aristotle contain the earliest known formal study of logic. An inference possesses a purely formal content if it can be expressed as a particular application of a wholly abstract rule, that is, a rule that is not about any particular thing or property. Formal logic is the study of inference with purely formal content.Since much informal argument is not strictly speaking deductive, on some conceptions of logic, informal logic is not logic at all. The study of fallacies is an important branch of informal logic. Informal logic is the study of natural language arguments.Traditional Aristotelian syllogistic logic and modern symbolic logic are examples of formal logic. The validity of an argument is determined by its logical form, not by its content. The concept of logical form is central to logic. Charles Sanders Peirce, "First Rule of Logic" Upon this first, and in one sense this sole, rule of reason, that in order to learn you must desire to learn, and in so desiring not be satisfied with what you already incline to capably think, there follows one corollary which itself deserves to be inscribed upon every wall of the city of philosophy: Do not block the way of inquiry. Historically, logic has been studied in philosophy (since ancient times) and mathematics (since the mid-19th century), and recently logic has been studied in computer science, linguistics, psychology, and other fields. There is no universal agreement as to the exact scope and subject matter of logic (see § Rival conceptions, below), but it has traditionally included the classification of arguments, the systematic exposition of the 'logical form' common to all valid arguments, the study of proof and inference, including paradoxes and fallacies, and the study of syntax and semantics. ![]() In ordinary discourse, inferences may be signified by words such as therefore, hence, ergo, and so on. A valid inference is one where there is a specific relation of logical support between the assumptions of the inference and its conclusion. logikḗ ), is the systematic study of the form of valid inference, and the most general laws of truth. Logic (from the Ancient Greek: λογική, translit. ![]()
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